Laboratory evaluation of insecticidal activity of plant essential oils against the vine mealybug, Planococcus ficus

Planococcus ficus is a principal mealybug pest of vineyards worldwide. Minthostachys verticillata and Eucalyptus globulus essential oils (EO) were evaluated as insecticidal products on P. ficus, and the main components of M. verticillata and E. globulus EO were also tested as insecticidal compounds against vine mealybug females under laboratory conditions. The results revealed that M. verticillata EO was more toxic than E. globulus EO, while pulegone (LC50 39.60 µL/L) was more toxic than the other constituents of the EO studied. Menthofuran, an oxidation product of pulegone by cytochrome P450 enzymes, showed an LC50 value of 63.97 µL/L. Thus, the mechanism of insect detoxification did not reduce the toxic potential of the pulegone. In addition, 1,8-cineole had a higher insecticidal property than its isomer 1,4-cineole. Our studies suggest that the pulegone can be a useful fumigant botanical insecticide to protect crops against vine mealybug attacks

Chemical composition and antioxidant activity of phenolic extracts from peanut skins obtained by different industrial process

Peanut skins present phenolic compounds with antioxidant properties which are excellent as a source of natural antioxidants. In food products, the antioxidants have the function ofneutralizedthe action of free radicals produced by oxidation reactions. The objective of this study was to determine the chemical composition and antioxidant activity of extracts rich in phenolic compounds form peanut skins obtained by two industrial process.Fil: Larrauri, Mariana. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias; Argentina.Fil: Larrauri, Mariana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal; Argentina.Fil: Asensio, Claudia M. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias; Argentina.Fil: Asensio, Claudia M. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal; Argentina.Fil: Martín, María Paula. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias; Argentina.Fil: Martín, María Paula. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal; Argentina.Fil: Zunino, M. Paula. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos; Argentina.Fil: Zunino, M. Paula. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal; Argentina.Fil: Zygadlo, Julio A. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos; Argentina.Fil: Zygadlo, Julio A. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal; Argentina.Fil: Grosso, Nelson R. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias; Argentina.Fil: Grosso, Nelson R. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal; Argentina.Fil: Nepote, Valeria. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos; Argentina.Fil: Nepote, Valeria. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal; Argentina.Otras Ciencias Agrícola

Fumigant toxicity from five essential oils rich in ketones against Sitophilus zeamais (Motschulsky)

Essential oils (EOs) and individual compounds act as fumigants against insects found in stored products. In fumigant assays, Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky adults were treated with essential oils derived from Aphyllocladus decussatus Hieron, Aloysia polystachya Griseb, Minthostachys verticillata Griseb Epling and Tagetes minuta L , which are rich in ketones and their major components: α- thujone, R-carvone, S-carvone, (-) menthone, R (+) pulegone and E-Z- ocimenone. M. verticillata oil was the most toxic ( LC50: 116.6 µl /L air) characterized by a high percentage of menthone (40.1%) and pulegone (43.7%). All ketones showed insecticidal activity against S. zeamais. However, pulegone (LC50: 11.8 µl/L air), R- carvone (LC50: 17.5 µl/L air), S-carvone (LC50: 28.1 µl/L air) and E-Z-ocimenone (LC50: 42.3 µl/L air) were the most toxic. These ketones are a,b-unsaturated carbonyl. This feature could play a fundamental role in the increase of insecticidal activity against S. zeamais.Fil: Herrera, J. M.. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Córdoba. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (p); Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba; ArgentinaFil: Zunino, María Paula. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Córdoba. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (p); Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba; ArgentinaFil: Massuh, Yamile. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Córdoba. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (p); Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba; ArgentinaFil: Pizzollito, R. P.. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Córdoba. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (p); Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba; ArgentinaFil: Dambolena, Jose Sebastian. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Córdoba. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (p); Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba; ArgentinaFil: Gañan, Nicolas Alberto. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Bahía Blanca. Planta Piloto de Ingeniería Química (i); ArgentinaFil: Zygadlo, Julio Alberto. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Córdoba. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (p); Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba; Argentin

Ácidos grasos, esteroles y composiciones porcentuales de semillas de especies (Arachis L.) de cacahuete de Bolivia y Argentina

The oil, protein, ash and carbohydrates contents, iodine value, fatty acid and sterol compositions were studied in seeds of Arachis correntina, A. durannensis, A. monticola, A. batizocoi, and A. cardenasii originating from Bolivia and Argentina. Oil content was greatest in A. batizocoi (mean value 53,35%). The protein level was higher in A. monticola (mean value 29,40%) and A. durannensis (29,13%). Mean value of oleic acid varied between 34,91% (A. durannensis and A. cardenasii) and 42,60% (Arachis correntina), and linoleic acid oscilated between 40,23% (A. correntina) and 45,86% (A. durannensis). The better oleic to linoleic ratio was exhibited by A. correntina (1,06). Iodine value was lower in A. batizocoi (106,0). The sterol composition in the different peanut species showed higher concentration of β-sitosterol (mean values oscilated between 55,70-58,70%) following by campesterol (15,18-16,47%), stigmasterol (10,67- 12,27%) and Δ5-avenasterol (10,80-12,13%).Los contenidos en aceite, proteína, ceniza e hidratos de carbono, índice de acidez, composiciones en ácidos grasos y esteroles fueron estudiadas en semillas de Arachis correntina, A. durannensis, A. Monticola, A. batizocoi, y A. cardenasii originaria de Bolivia y Argentina. El contenido en aceite fue mayor en A. batizocoi (valor medio 53,35%). El nivel de proteína fue más alto en A. monticoia (valor medio 29,40%) y A. durannensis (29,13%). El valor medio del ácido oleico varió entre 34,91% (A. Durannensis y A. cardenasii) y 42,60% (Arachis correntina), y el ácido linoleico osciló entre 40,23% (A. correntina) y 45,86% (A.durannensis). La mejor relación oleico a linoleico fue exhibida por A. correntina (1.06). El índice de iodo fue más bajo en A. batizocoi (106,0). La composición esterólica en las diferentes especies de cacahuetes mostró la más alta concentración de β-sitosterol (los valores medios oscilaron entre 55,70-58,70%) seguido por campesterol (15,18-16,47%), estigmasterol (10,67-12,27%) y Δ5-avenasterol (10,80-12,13%)

Effect of Selected Volatiles on Two Stored Pests: The Fungus Fusarium verticillioides and the Maize Weevil Sithophilus zeamais

New agronomic practices and technology enabled Argentina a larger production of cereal grains, reaching a harvest yield of 26.5 million metric tons of maize, of which, about 40% was exported. However, much of the maize production is lost annually by the attack of fungi and insects (2.6 million tons). In this study, the antifungal effect of selected volatiles on Fusarium verticillioides, its mycotoxin production, and the repellent and insecticidal activities against the weevill Sithophilus zeamais, an insect vector of F. verticillioides, were evaluated. The compounds tested were (2E)-2-hexenal, (2E)-2-nonenal,(2E,6Z)-2,6-nonadienal, 1-pentanol, 1-hexanol, 1-butanol, 3-methyl-1-butanol, pentanal, 2-decanone, and 3-decanone, which occur in the blend of volatile compounds emitted by various cereal grains. The most active antifungals were the aldehydes (2E)-2-nonenal, (2E)-2-hexenal, and (2E,6Z)-2,6-nonadienal (minimum inhibitory concentration values of <0.03, 0.06, and 0.06 mM,respectively). The occurrence of fumonisin B1 also was prevented because these compounds completely inhibited fungal growth.The best insecticidal fumigant activities against the maize weevil were shown by 2-decanone and 3-decanone (lethal concentration ≤ 54.6 μL/L (<0.28 mM)). Although, all tested compounds showed repellent activity against S. zeamais at a concentration of 4 μL/L, (2E,6Z)-2,6-nonadienal was the most active repellent compound. These results demonstrate the potential of (2E,6Z)-2,6-nonadienal to be used as a natural alternative to synthetic pesticides on F. verticillioides and S. zeamais.Fil: Zunino, María Paula. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Córdoba. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (p); Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba; ArgentinaFil: Herrera, Jimena María. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Córdoba. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (p); ArgentinaFil: Pizzolitto, Romina Paola. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Córdoba. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (p); Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba; ArgentinaFil: Rubinstein, Héctor Ramón. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Córdoba. Centro de Investigaciones En Bioquímica Clínica E Inmunología; Argentina; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba; ArgentinaFil: Zygadlo, Julio Alberto. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Córdoba. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (p); Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba; ArgentinaFil: Dambolena, Jose Sebastian. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Córdoba. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (p); Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba; Argentin

Active Brownian Particles. From Individual to Collective Stochastic Dynamics

We review theoretical models of individual motility as well as collective dynamics and pattern formation of active particles. We focus on simple models of active dynamics with a particular emphasis on nonlinear and stochastic dynamics of such self-propelled entities in the framework of statistical mechanics. Examples of such active units in complex physico-chemical and biological systems are chemically powered nano-rods, localized patterns in reaction-diffusion system, motile cells or macroscopic animals. Based on the description of individual motion of point-like active particles by stochastic differential equations, we discuss different velocity-dependent friction functions, the impact of various types of fluctuations and calculate characteristic observables such as stationary velocity distributions or diffusion coefficients. Finally, we consider not only the free and confined individual active dynamics but also different types of interaction between active particles. The resulting collective dynamical behavior of large assemblies and aggregates of active units is discussed and an overview over some recent results on spatiotemporal pattern formation in such systems is given.Comment: 161 pages, Review, Eur Phys J Special-Topics, accepte

Tourism and Maori development in Westland

The main aim of this report is to provide an understanding of Maori tourism in order to enhance the ability of both new and established Maori tourist operators, their organisations and the wider Maori community to develop Maori tourism in ways that sustain Maori culture in a manner acceptable to Maori. To achieve this aim, the report has the following objectives: to document accurately the current state of Maori involvement in the tourism industry; to describe and interpret the perceptions that Maori have of tourism and how these have changed over time; to identify the current use of Maori culture as attractions; to record Maori responses to the changes in the relationship between themselves and the natural environment; and to identify barriers to Maori tourism development